BBBs: Please Sir, I’ve had enough?

Ratings agencies have been around a long time. Standard and Poors (S&P) can trace its history back to 1860 when Henry Varnum Poor published “History of Railways and Canals in the United States.” John Moody published his first guide to creditworthiness in 1900. They and Fitch (1924) have become crucial as third party assessors of creditworthiness

Lest we forget, buying bonds of any sort is lending money; nothing more, nothing less. Consequently, all we should care about is getting it back on time, coupons and principal alike. We agree with the definition of risk from James Montier of GMO.

As bond investors, our job is to seek to minimise the risk of this permanent loss of capital. We need to assess creditworthiness for every bond we own (and don’t own), ensuring we are being paid accordingly.

We strive to make investment decisions based on risk, not ratings. As well as risk not being a number, is can also not be a collection of letters. Yet credit ratings have become hard-wired into mandates, typically manifesting themselves as overall limits for a specific rating category and/or single names. They are also key drivers in capital allocation from a solvency perspective for insurance companies and can drive the valuation of future liabilities by pension funds. 

When decision makers evade responsibility for their actions, bad decisions can flourish (John Authers, Financial Times, 21 July 2018). Rating agencies allowed fund managers into credits with a minimum "quality". Their role in the global financial crisis is much debated but it is a fact that structured finance increased from 28% of Moody’s revenue in 1998 to 50% in 2007. By the end of the crisis, Moody’s had downgraded 83% of all the 2006 Aaa mortgage backed securities.

Back to BBBs. Since 2007 BBB issuance has exploded. Central bank bond purchase schemes have had the explicit objective of driving down yields to influence investor behaviour. Well it has influenced borrower behaviour too. Across euro, US dollar and sterling credit, BBBs have increased from 23% to 50% of outstanding debt. The ratings quality of the sterling investment grade market is the weakest it has ever been. Even more significant is that 50% of the increase is from issuers who hadn’t issued prior to 2010. BB rated names have been incentivised to de-lever to return to investment grade, thus meeting eligibility criteria for the European Central Bank's asset purchase programme.

The average one-year migration rate for BBBs dropping to a high yield rating (using the 1920-2017 data set) is 5.65%. It is 4.82% using the less punitive 1970-2017 data.

The BBB to high yield one-year migration rate has been as high as 7.7% in the last ~14 years, so around 0.64% per month.

If 7.7% of BBBs were to become high yield in a nasty recession, the following table suggests the increase in BB debt would ranges from 31% to 68%, with sterling credit the most affected given its smaller weighting in BBs.

	USD	EUR	GBP
2016 one-year downgrade rate	7.70%	7.70%	7.70%
BBB size	2624	905	169
Fallen angels	202	70	13
BB universe	574	227	19
Fallen angels to BB ratio	35%	31%	68%

With disruption comes opportunity, though. Buying fallen angels at an opportune time has historically been beneficial. That said, we are concerned about the wholesale deterioration of credit quality over the last decade and the havoc that recession driven downgrades could wreak in a market where liquidity has structurally deteriorated. The door to the exit simply would not be wide enough.